The trajectory of Western ground-based long-range air and missile defense reflects decades of technological and strategic adaptation. Beginning with early Cold War-era anti-aircraft efforts focused on high-altitude bombers, these systems evolved to counter ballistic missiles and cruise missile threats. Today, the challenge has expanded to include … Continue reading The Evolution of Western Long-Range Ground-Based Air and Missile Defenses

“Full Spectrum Air Defence,” as defined by Kongsberg, is a comprehensive, layered, and scalable air defense system architecture designed to counter the full range of aerial threats. Continue reading NASAMS vs FSAD: Current System vs Future Framework